Carbon capture and storage

Carbon catch and capacity Presentation Expanding numbers currently perceive the likely annihilation upon the overall condition environmental change could have. With CO2 discharges expanding at a pace of 1.6%/Yr (1999-2005) and emanations from power creation at 23,684 Mt/yr (2005)1 in addition to no present replacement to the Kyoto Protocol*, obviously Carbon Dioxide will turn into a consistently developing danger to our planets security. Worryingly, from a climatic perspective as well as a cultural one too. From sun based and geothermal capacity to hydrogen energy components, mainstream researchers is attempting to create methods of decreasing CO2 yield and one field of developing enthusiasm from both the examination and business network is Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). Genuine research in this field is moderately new and numerous parts of its suitability, security, proficiency and cost have still to be completely found. As CCS is basically putting away CO2 and not really deteriorating it, many feel CCS is counter-ben eficial and the assets ought to rather be directed to concentrate on clean vitality creation. Anyway with current outflow patterns, CCS will be a very valuable apparatus should we see exceptional changes in atmosphere close to the finish of this century and need an approach to purchase time to completely use and grow clean vitality. This paper will quickly depict a scope of potential CCS strategies as appeared in figure A just as examine the potential for CCS in our general public. The littlest evaluated possible stockpiling for CO2 at 320Gt is worth roughly 32 years of emissions!2 Few question the way that we ought to advance to an all the more naturally benevolent society in all faculties of the word, CCS will purchase the time required for this to occur. In the course of the last 10-20 years a few recommendations have been advanced and grown, for example, the Sleipner oil field, Norway and ‘CarbFix in Iceland. We are presently starting to get live information from current C CS ventures worldwide to break down and use for the upgrade of CCS, this paper intends to incorporate this data from these undertakings for a short investigation of CCS potential. Profound Ocean or the profound seabed Many have guessed on potential CCS destinations. One recommendation is putting away CO2 in the profound sea or seabed as appeared in figure B. As the seas are as of now engrossing ~8 billion tons of CO2and discrediting ~50% of our anthropogenic CO2 emissions3 it is now a characteristic CCS site. CO2 is denser than seawater in its supercritical state (both strong and fluid, see figure C)and so will sink and lake on the seabed remaining there for a great many years as figure B outlines. On the other hand, boats would siphon CO2 into the sea as appeared in figure B where regular thermohaline flows would break up the CO2 whereupon that marginally denser waterway would lake on the seabed. While saltiness, weight and temperature all influence the disintegration of CO2, beneath 600m, 41-48kg/m3 CO2 can break down in a 1M saline solution solution,2 a genuinely huge figure. Increment the brackish water focus and this figure will drop,however, with the normal molarity of the seas at 0.5M obvio usly this store has extraordinary potential. Tragically quick fermentation of the nearby water would happen as carbonic corrosive structures. Consequently this stockpiling technique would most likely be decimating to neighborhood nature. The cost:benefit examination over acidifying patches of sea instead of bringing down environmental CO2 and that is impact upon earthbound natural surroundings and surface sea marine networks could fill a theory and brought about much discussion. This technique has so far observed no field tests despite the fact that its potential stockpiling limit is tremendous and endless. Mineral Carbonation Of comparable natural concern is removal by means of mineral carbonation. CO2 responds with specific rocks to frame carbonate minerals. This procedure is seen normally through enduring where ~1.8108 tons CO2 are mineralised every year yet this geochemical procedure could likewise happen underground. Instead of mine and smash shakes, for example, basalt and peridotite to respond with air CO2 on a superficial level, causing major ecological disturbance because of mass mining activity and an incredible increment in residue flux,4 CO2 would be infused into profound topographical stores of: olivine; pyroxene; and plagioclase.Here the CO2 would gradually respond to frame its carbonates more than a huge number of years where it would then be a close to lasting store. As these receptive minerals are found in sensible wealth in essential stone, potential CCS destinations of this nature are discovered around the world. The Columbia River basalt has been anticipated to have the option to discar d 36-148Gt/CO2 while the Caribbean flood basalts could potential store 1,000-5,500Gt/CO2. Thus, the basalt bowl seaward of Washington D.C. could hold 500-2,500Gt/CO2.10 The vaporous CO2 change to strong carbonate includes an expansion in volume and weight. It is guessed this procedure would cause major cracking inside the basalt rock which might shape a break course for the still supercritical CO2 (see figure D).8 The ‘CarbFix Pilot Project in Iceland is observing the impacts and capability of this style of CCS through concentrated Geophysical checking as ~9.4Mt/CO2 is siphoned into the ground. Coal-bed creases Overall there are many coal fields financially unviable for mining and these are potential CCS destinations as figure A (4) appears. The coal creases contain characteristic micropores because of coal creation process. These micropores as of now contain methane atoms, again as a side-effect of the coal creation. Be that as it may, CO2 particles adsorb to the micropores simpler than the CH4.2 By siphoning CO2 into these creases a volume of CH4 will be yielded corresponding to the volume of CO2 injected,2 while as yet giving a profound underground store to CO2. This has been determined at 20m3/ton coal from a field site in the San Juan Basin. Subsequently there is a rough least stockpiling limit of 150Gt/CO2 worldwide anyway careful volumes of unmineable coal are not accessible. Adsorption includes frail electrostatic powers to hold the CO2 particles to the pore which are exceptionally reliant on a stable environment.2 Should any structural action occur to modify the temperature or weig ht of the capacity site, the CO2 would isolate and tuft. This CO2 tuft would then ease back move to the surface through existing pore channels which figure D shows plainly. This is a concern looked in numerous CCS plans, as any CO2 movement could cause association and disintegration into groundwater consequently dirtying it, power saline groundwater to blend in with freshwater and contaminate the freshwater or on the other hand move to the earth surface and tuft. Additionally, reliant on the CCS site, CO2 could wind up acidifying patches of sea where ‘leaks have happened. CO2 crest on the earth surface have demonstrated deadly before when 1,700 individuals and all fauna inside a 14km range died in the Lake Nyos fiasco when CO2 unexpectedly degassed from the base of the lake to the air. 14 Drained oil and gas stores or saline springs One of the most encouraging and explored recommendations is capacity in drained oil and gas stores or saline springs. Figure A (1,3a,3b) outlines these are both here and there shore and profound geographical zone of rock with high porosity and low porousness. The gas field ‘Sleipner West in the North Sea simply off the Norwegian coast is a real working CCS site where much investigation into CCS is being directed and checked. 1106 tons of CO2/Yr2 are being siphoned into a space of 5.5x1011m32 recently involved by dominatingly methane gas. The CO2 is put away in the pore spaces in rocks indistinguishable from how groundwater is put away in springs. On account of saline springs, while siphoning in CO2, saline water is evacuated just as constrained into encompassing stone. These Porous rocks are usually sedimentary rocks found in bowls ordinarily 600-1200m profound. Weight increments with profundity just as temperature, by about 28Â °C/km2. This implies CO2 would should be put awa y in its supercritical state (figure C) which is more smaller than typical, 1 ton of CO2 possesses 6m3 rock2. Once infused, the CO2 will normally move through the pore spaces attempting to arrive at ground level (figure D). During this procedure the CO2 will become ‘trapped and well in pore courses which don't really prompt the surface. The inescapable relocation makes picking a CCS site troublesome. Any site needs an impermeable stone layer above it or a low penetrability rock where the relocation time will be equivalent to the locales wanted life expectancy to go about as a ‘cap rock. Without a top stone, the CO2 could move back to the surface in decades making the whole activity an epic come up short. Nonetheless, putting away CO2 in these fields isn't just about stashing it underground. The geochemical procedures of disintegration and mineral precipitation would likewise happen adding to the favourability of exhausted repositories as the ideal CCS method. For any sin gle site 3 distinct types of CCS would happen. Disintegration would take two or three thousand years dependant on a superficial level territory to volume proportion of water to CO2 and mineralisation would occur along comparative timetables. Accordingly, four elements will influence the value of any CCS exhausted supply site: immobilization of CO2 in any snares or wells; geochemical responses between the stone and CO2; disintegration into groundwater or saline water occupant in the stone; and relocation back to the surface.2 The advantages of this technique for CCS don't stop here however! The way toward siphoning CO2 into the ground powers out the leftovers of what was beforehand there, useful in the event that it was gas or oil. Shows this as a different procedure however it can without much of a stretch be matched with exhausted petroleum product stores. This can be gathered and sold, giving a slight conservative balance to the expense of the undertaking. This is alluded to as En hanced Oil Recovery (EOR). EOR has been grasped in the Americas and is being used at Pan-Canadians Weyburn field in Saskatchewan, another field examp

2012 National Budget of the Philippines free essay sample

The Social Services area, which gives advantages and offices, for example, instruction, food endowments, medicinal services, and financed lodging, will get P568. 6 billion or 31. 3 percent of the all out spending plan. This incorporate the Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) program of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). Per division, the Department of Education (DepEd) got the greatest cut of the spending plan at P238. 8 billion that would incorporate allotment for the employing of 13,000 new teachers and development and repairing of in excess of 43,000 homerooms. The 2012 financial plan for training is 15. 2 percent higher than last year’s P207. 3 billion. Next is the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), P125. 7 billion; Department of National Defense (DND), P108. 1 billion; Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG), at P99. 8 billion; and the Department of Agriculture (DA), P53. 3-billion. Aquino said P140 billion worth of framework tasks will be actualized in January one year from now, including that ventures under the 2011 will in any case be optimized. We will compose a custom paper test on 2012 National Budget of the Philippines or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page President Aquino expressed gratitude toward individuals from the lawmaking body and government organizations, refering to specifically the Department of Budget and Management (DBM), for working connected at the hip for the early marking of the 2012 national spending plan. He additionally noticed that the Executive branch presented its proposed 2012 national financial plan a day after his State-of-the-Nation Address (SoNA) in July. â€Å"Tinitiyak nating maaring ipagpatuloy ang mga repormang nasimulan na natin. Bawat piso ng pamahalaan ay napapakinabangan,† Aquino said. [We can guarantee you that we would have the option to continue with the changes we have begun. Every peso from the legislature will be utilized adequately. ] Budget Secretary Florencio Abad said six things were vetoed by President Aquino, especially referencing the inconvenience of a roof on open segment obligation which could have constrained the administration to choke spending, especially on basic social administrations and framework. The open part obligation starting at 2010 was at that point at 73. 3 percent of the (GDP) and is past the 60 percent obligation top arrangement included by Congress in the General Appropriations bill.

Who Doesnt Read Books In America Critical Linking, March 29, 2018

Who Doesnt Read Books In America Critical Linking, March 29, 2018 Critical Linking is sponsored by Tomorrow by Damian Dibben, new from Hanover Square Press. About a quarter of American adults (24%) say they haven’t read a book in whole or in part in the past year, whether in print, electronic or audio form. Who are these non-book readers? Several demographic traits correlate with non-book reading, Pew Research Center surveys have found. For instance, adults with a high school degree or less are about five times as likely as college graduates (37% vs. 7%) to report not reading books in any format in the past year. Adults with lower levels of educational attainment are also among the  least likely to own smartphones, even as e-book reading on these devices  has increased substantially since 2011. (College-educated adults are more likely to own these devices and use them to read e-books.). None of the statistics are especially surprising, given the demographics least likely to read are those least likely to have leisure time for it. But also: 76% of adults in America read a book last year.   ____________________ THE GREAT AMERICAN READ is an eight-part television and online series designed to spark a national conversation about reading and the books that have inspired, moved, and shaped us. The series will engage audiences with a list of 100 diverse books. Audiences are encouraged to read the books, vote from the list of 100, and share their personal connections to the titles. THE GREAT AMERICAN READ premieres Tuesday, May 22 at 8/7c on PBS stations with a launch special, kicking off a summer of reading and voting. Then in the fall, seven new episodes of the series will air as the quest to find America’s most beloved book moves into high gear. Episodes from the series will feature appearances by celebrities, athletes, experts, authors, and everyday Americans advocating for their favorite book. Theres a trailer for this upcoming book PBS show.   ____________________ While a great novel can be engaging, theres nothing quite like a true storyâ€"whether that story comes in the form of deep reporting, memoir, or personal essays. Nonfiction gives us the chance to look at the world around us and learn something about how we fit within it. And nonfiction also tells us a lot about ourselves. Here are the best nonfiction books of 2018. Add a bunch of new nonfiction to your TBR.   Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books.

Analysis Of The Movie Assata An Autobiography

â€Å"Assata: An Autobiography† is written by Assata Shakur and takes place in the 1970’s when Shakur was being charged with several assaults, many of which she did not commit. Throughout her autobiography, Shakur begins telling events in which show how big racism is towards African Americans and later on shows how it occurs with other races and cultures as well, like Native Americans, Chicanos, Asians and Hippies. Shakur makes it clear to the readers how strongly she believes America is a place that contains so much racism by speaking Indirectly. She voices her opinion by using her own language. There are many scenarios where Shakur misspells certain words to show her actual feelings. For example, she has the tendency to misspell America and use a lowercase â€Å"i† rather than a capitalized â€Å"I† when she refers to herself. She does this to show us, the readers, that she feels like a minority and that America is a place where white people will always have a privilege and have rights over blacks. A section that sticks out to me from the book is the way Shakur decides to express her feelings about America. Although she doesn’t tell us straight forward, she expresses it through her choice of spelling certain words. For example, in this case she refers to America as amerika, â€Å"But as a black woman living in amerika, Evelyn understood why it was important and necessary† (49). Shakur does this to symbolize the racism that occurred against blacks with the KKK and the lack of capitalization

Objectives Of A Curriculum Plan Essay - 1734 Words

CURRICULAM PLAN The most important objective of a curriculum plan to develop specified skills or knowledge to a targeted group and the plan must be specific and time framed in order to achieve the aim within the defined time frame. This curriculum plan aimed to develop the essential employability skills to the multitude client group which includes the different age, gender and ethnic groups. This curriculum plan targeted to complete within the period of eight weeks with theoretical and practical sessions. In each session the progression of the plan with a close consideration to the skills achieved would be analysed. There will be a clear and defined frame work for each session and the assessment of student’s performance. The assessment methods designed with a clear intention of increased student involvement. Each session required to complete within the defined time frame to ensure the successful completion of the curriculum plan. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES According to Steven and Fallows (2008) it is important for any curriculum plan to have a clear, focused and practical oriented plan to ensure the successful completion as well as the achievement of maximised result. The major objectives of this curriculum plan are, †¢ To make the client group able to identify certain employability skills, values as well as qualities †¢ To make the client group able to describe certain employability skills, values as well as qualities †¢ To make the client group able to recognise theShow MoreRelatedCurriculum Development1575 Words   |  7 PagesCurriculum Development The term curriculum originates from the Latin meaning â€Å"race course†. The term has been expanded and today is more widely used in education to mean a plan for a sustained process of teaching and learning (Pratt, 1997, p. 5). There are numerous formats for curriculum models. They can be deductive, meaning â€Å"they proceed from the general (examining the needs of society, for example) to the specific (specifying instructional objectives, for example)†, or inductiveRead MoreApplication Guidelines And Procedures For How The Curriculum Is Designed, Delivered, Monitored, And Evaluated1082 Words   |  5 Pagesguidelines and procedures for how the curriculum is designed, delivered, monitored, and evaluated. At Goodwill Secondary we offer a variety of courses to suit students of varying ability. Different types of instructions are expected, in order to address the unique needs of specific students. This instruction will be derived from a set of curriculum skills which are common to all the students. All students will be able to access the curriculum. Curriculum: The Goodwill Secondary School is a technicalRead MoreModels Of Curriculum Development : Lattuca And Starks Model1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe following is an exploration of four models of curriculum development: Lattuca and Stark’s (2009) academic plan model, Richard Diamond’s (1989) model of curriculum development, Saylor, Alexander, and Lewis’s (1981) administrative model, and Oliva’s (2009) curriculum development model. The works of Saylor, Alexander, and Lewis (1981), and Oliva (2009) were chosen for this assignment, as our textbook authors cited neither. I decided on this approach because our authors do an excellent job of explainingRead MoreA Strategic Plan Of Dental Curriculum1293 Words   |  6 Pagespolicies, structure, rules and strategic plans. The leader or manager in the organisation needs to realise the significant of change with taking the correct action in the change process through the organisation. As for curriculum change in dental ed ucation, all stakeholders in dental education should collaborate to seek the commitment and consensus including providing strategic plans to manage the continuous process of innovative change in dental curriculum (Haden, 2006). Therefore, the purpose ofRead MoreWhen Creating Curriculum Plans : Educators Should Interpret And Understand The Learning Context ( Or Learning Scenario )780 Words   |  4 Pages1. When creating curriculum plans, educators should interpret and understand the learning context (or learning scenario). Explain your interpretation of the scenario of your chosen curriculum plan. Students in Marika’s class show by their comments and actions, that they have a low understanding of multiculturalism and acceptance of other cultures. The student that makes the remarks is only repeating what he has heard. This is common in young children according to MacNaughton (MacNaughton, 2000)Read MoreThe Effects Of Different Influences On The Selection And Design Of Curriculum874 Words   |  4 Pagesselection and design of the curriculum. These influences have the power to work against local control. Teacher and administrator organizations, political parties, community values, student demographics, and the school site impact the design of the curriculum. 2.Describe and compare different curriculum designs. There are various types of curriculum designs used for instruction like subject-centered, themed, spiral, core, and mastery, to name a few. Subject-centered curriculum focuses on the contentRead MoreEvaluation Of A School Intervention Programme Essay1728 Words   |  7 Pagesschool intervention programme. The area of the intervention programme are firstly set a basic objective of the programme. Then planning for the intervention programme it included curriculum design for programme specially focus on language, teachers training for better results and assessment of the children performance. Tries to convincing the stakeholders to be part of the intervention programme and plan to integrate the intervention programme with the day today functioning of the school. All thisRead MoreInstructional Technology Specialist For Cedarburg School District1603 Words   |  7 PagesCurriculum development refers to a process of critical questioning used in framing the activities of teaching and lea rning in schools. The process of developing a curriculum translates broader statements of intent in actual plans and actions. Curriculum development involves designing and developing integrated plans for teaching and learning, implementation, and the evaluation of the plants if they achieve learning objectives. Accordingly, the intention of curriculum development is to align the plannedRead MoreEvaluation Of Curriculum Evaluation And Assessment1537 Words   |  7 PagesCurriculum Evaluation and Assessment NCU Week 6 Curriculum Evaluation, Assessment Shonda Moore November 6, 2016 Understanding the purpose behind different types of assessment is a critical skill in evaluating whether or not students have achieved mastery or if skills need to be retaught. standing the purpose behind different types of assessment is a critical skill in evaluating whether or notRead MoreCurriculum Development : Teaching And Learning1606 Words   |  7 PagesCurriculum Development Interview Curriculum development refers to a process of critical questioning used in framing the activities of teaching and learning in schools. The process of developing a curriculum translates broader statements of intent in actual plans and actions. Curriculum development involves designing and developing integrated plans for teaching and learning, implementation, and the evaluation of the plants if they achieve learning objectives. Accordingly, the intention of curriculum

Advertisements Exploiting Children Free Essays

Are current practises of advertising to children exploitative? What restrictions should be placed on advertising to children? Up until recently, parents had been the intended target audience for advertising efforts aimed for children of young age groups. However it is now the children who have become the main focus. The growth in advertising channels reaching children and the privatisation of children’s media use have resulted in a dramatic increase in advertising directly intended for the eyes and ears of children (Wilcox et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Advertisements Exploiting Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2004). It is estimated that advertisers spend more than $12 billion a year on the youth market with more than 40,000 commercials each year. The current practises of advertising to young children definitely exploit their lack of understanding and comprehension of the aim of advertising and promotion of products. In the early 1970’s, The Federal Communications Commission originally set out to ban all advertising that was aimed at young children, however ended up settling for a more lenient proposal of limiting the amount of time advertisements were aired within children’s programs and put in place certain restrictions to do with advertising practises (Wilcox et al. 2004). Studies have shown that the age range of 8-12 year olds spend $30 billion directly and influence $700 billion on family spending each year. This can be attributed to a relatively high extent to the fact that 46% of 5-14 year olds watch more than 20 hours of television per week with tens of thousands of TV ads shown per year (Neil 2012). Neil (2012) quotes that a child who watches 4 hours of TV per day over a 6 week holiday period would have viewed a total of 649 junk food ads including 404 advertisements for fast foods; 135 advertisements for soft drinks; and 44 for ice cream products. Until quite recently, advertisers viewed children around and under the age group of 8 as off limits when it came to advertising targets. However, industry practises have now developed and make for greater degrees of age niche advertising (Wilcox et al. 2004). Along with this growth in marketing efforts, there has become a rapid increase in the use psychological knowledge and research to effectively market products to young children. An example of this includes a study that was specifically designed to determine which strategy best induced children to nag their parents to buy the advertised product (Wilcox et al. 004). Exploitation refers to the idea of taking advantage of something you shouldn’t take advantage of. In relation to ads, advertisers are taking advantage of children’s lack of understanding, their innocence and their vulnerability to persuasion (Neil 2012). Young children tend to be particularly vulnerable to advertising as they do not fully understand the intent of advertisers and the process of creating an ad (Gunter, Oates Blades 2005). Children are not born with any knowledge of economic systems with their awareness of advertising and marketing developing only gradually later in life. Adults too can be influenced by an ad, which is the reason for ads in general, but they are able to interpret the messages in the context of the advertisers’ intentions to prevent them from being exploited, unlike children (Gunter, Oates Blades 2005). Neil (2012) states that children up to the age of 4 see ads merely as entertainment, progressing to believe advertisements provide information at ages 6-7. At ages 7-8 they still cannot distinguish between information and intent to persuade and once they reach 10-12 years they can understand the motives and aims of advertising but are still unable to explain sales techniques. The Australian Communications and Media Authority (2007) explain that advertisers may create advertisements that appeal to a child’s cognitive abilities. Research was conducted that indicates different age groups respond differently to formal stimuli in commercial, for example colours attract younger children while message text attracts older children. This uses leverage of children’s cognitive development to entice the purchase of the product. Furthermore research on the language of advertisements, while used to promote products, may be purposefully constructed to confuse younger children at lower levels of cognitive development. Simple correlation research in the US indicates that children typically aged 2-6 years who view more television advertising request more products from their parents. This is known as pester power. It has been found that parents are more likely to buy products when kids ask for them in the shop (nag factor). As children age, they develop the cognitive capacity to contextualise and act critically on the observations made, reducing the amount of requests for products (Australian Communications and Media Authority, 2007). Children who are exposed to TV commercials for toys not only develop the initial idea for the toy but repeatedly pester their parents to buy it. This is exploitation on the arents’ behalf as it often causes parent-child conflict when the parents deny their children the product (Wilcox et al. 2004). Another troubling issue relating to child advertising exploitation is in reference to food ads. Half of the advertisements in the UK directed at children concern food. There are little ads emphasising healthy eating and since the start of television advertising, the largest proportion of ads aimed at children has always been unhealthy food products (Gunter, Oate s Blades 2005). The Australian Communications and Media Authority (2007) detailed the New South Wales Department of Health content analysis which found that 43% of all food advertising was for high fat/ high sugar foods and 36% was for core foods (such as breads, pasta). Additionally, approximately 48% of food advertising in times defined by the study as ‘children’s viewing times’ was for high fat/ high sugar foods. Consequently, children become confused and consider unhealthy foods to actually be healthy. Toys aren’t as controversial as they don’t exhibit the same health implications as do fast food ads. However, over-playing how good a toy is, or presenting misleading information is very unethical as children cannot comprehend some messages. The writing on the screen about disclosures are usually too quick to read or even understand as an adult, let alone a young child (Gunter, Oates Blades 2005). Wilcox et al. (2004) demonstrates the exploiting nature of advertisers when it comes to tobacco and alcohol. A variety of studies show a substantial relationship between children’s viewing of these products in ads and positive attitudes toward consumption of such products. The studies conclude that advertising of tobacco and alcohol contributes to youth smoking and drinking. Characters from movies and television programmes often attract children’s attention with research indicating that the use of real life or animated characters is positively associated with memory and attitudes toward products and has the potential to confuse children as they do not realise they are getting paid for the advertisement so it is likely it’s not genuine promotion of a product (Gunter, Oates Blades 2005). Another trick that advertisers use is on the BBC. BBC programs are â€Å"non-commercial† but some of the programs have been specifically designed to include products directed at children to make it harder for children to recognise when they are being targeted by marketers. This shows a negative change in children’s advertising. Body image is another major aspect of young children’s lives as they are vulnerable to their self-image (Gunter, Oates Blades 2005). Advertisements use attractive people to sell products which reinforce the pressures on young people to conform to the ideals of beauty that are hard or near impossible to achieve. Marketing of dieting products therefore appeal to young children in recent times including primary school children. Currently there are regulations in place that have been implemented under the Children’s Television Standards in 1990, enforced by the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal. These include placing limitations on the broadcast of advertisements during ‘Children School Age’ programs (no ad more than twice in 30 minutes) and ‘Preschool Age’ programs (no ads at all). Also, no misleading or deceiving ads, no undue pressure on children to ask their parents to buy something or any unsuitable material including alcohol and cigarette ads, or demeaning/racists/sexist etc. ads(Australian Communications and Media Authority 2007). To further these regulations, many recommendations have been made. Wilcox et al (2004) suggested that while it is impossible to protect this age group from all commercial exposure, it is essential to restrict efforts made by advertisers to focus primarily, if not exclusively, on this uniquely vulnerable portion of society. They also state that advertising disclaimers used in ads be stated in a language that children can read and understand and be shown in both visual and audial contexts in a time length that is conducive to reading, hearing and comprehending. For example, stating â€Å"You have to put it together† instead of â€Å"Partial assembly required† in toy ads. Gunter, Oates and Blades (2005) point out that advertisers usually argue against any extension of regulations, claiming that very young children, even from the age of 3, have some understanding of advertising. If this is so, it is not enough. A child’s recognition of advertisements is not the same as a child’s understanding of their persuasive intent. Some argue that rather than extending regulations, the most effective way to help children understand advertising is through their parents by informing kids of the nature of ads. However as children become more independent with access to their own TVs, parents increasingly have less control over what children watch and less opportunity to discuss advertisements that might have been seen during family viewing. As well as the fact that parents often lack sufficient knowledge of regulators and their regulatory responsibilities. These excuses made by advertisers just show how ignorant they are in the potential harming of young children. In conclusion, advertisers know that their efforts greatly influence child audiences. Targeting children below the ages of 8 years is inherently unfair because it capitalises on younger children’s inability to sense persuasive intent in an advertisement. Due to this, children around and below this age are exploited as they take in information placed in commercials uncritically, accepting most of the claims and appeals put forward as truthful, accurate and unbiased. Reference Australian Communications and Media Authority 2007, Television Advertising to Children, accessed 6/9/2012, http://www. acma. gov. au/webwr/_assets/main/lib310132/television_advertising_to_children. pdf Gunter, B, Oates, C Blades, M 2005, ‘The Issues About Television Advertising To Children’, in Advertising To Children On TV: Content, Impact, Regulation, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, pp1-13. Neil, D 2012, PHIL106 ‘Advertising to Children’, lecture notes, accessed 1/9/2012, eLearning@UOW Wilcox, B, Kunkel, D, Cantor, J, Dowrick, P, Linn, S Palmer, E 2004, ‘Report of the APA Task Force on Advertising and Children’, American Psychological Association Australian Association of National Advertisers, AANA Code for Advertising Marketing Communications to Children, accessed 9/9/2012, http://www. aana. com. au/pages/aana-code-for-advertising-marketing-communications-to-children. html How to cite Advertisements Exploiting Children, Papers

Who Won The War And Peace Essays - Slavery, Reconstruction Era

Who Won The War And Peace Who Won the War and Peace? There is an issue that followed the Civil War that can only really be addressed in retrospect. Who won the Civil War? Not necessarily the war itself, but who won the peace. There is not really a single or definitive answer because the effects and the outcomes of the war are still being determined. This question is nebulous in the fact that certain aspects can be attributed to the South winning some aspects of the war and the North others. Also, do we include the impacts on former slaves as a Northern victory or do consider them to be their own side during this conflict. Many people will say that the North undoubtedly won the war, but the South's social hierarchy did not really change that much after the war. The former slaves went on many times to work for their former owners achieving not much more than when they were slaves. The South implemented many unjust laws to still allow the whites to stay ahead and to keep the blacks poor and dependent. Overall, though, I believe that the N orth and the former slaves won because of the outcome of the Civil War. Although the effects of the war were not immediate for the slaves and abolition did not automatically mean freedom and equality for slaves, the war and the legislation that followed it set the groundwork for the advancement of black people. The thirteenth through the fifteenth amendments helped to pave the way for blacks to enjoy the same opportunities as whites. Obviously the North achieved its objective of reuniting the country and preserving the Union. There are many factors to which one can say that the North actually won the peace. First I will talk about the North achieving peace and the objectives that they wanted when it comes to reuniting the union. It is clear that the United States was reunited because of the Civil War. With the reentry of the Southern states came certain concessions that the each state had to make. The most important was the adoption of new state constitutions that made clear that the national constitution had precedence over any local law. This made the fact clear that there are state's rights, but they cannot negate national policy. To those in the North that were worried about the fate of the Union, the Civil War proved to be a victory. Amendments: The addition of three amendments to the constitution after the Civil War should be considered to a victory for the Northern and African American cause for the Civil War. These newly added documents protect the rights of all the citizens of the United States. Not only do they protect the rights of these people but they also establish who is a citizen and who is protected by the constitution. Most importantly it allows freedom to those who were mot protected before the Civil War, namely the former slaves. The Thirteenth Amendment: This amendment specifically outlaws the institution of slavery and involuntary servitude. This means that the Emancipation Proclamation was formally made law by United States government. The South was made to accept the new reforms to the constitution in order to be allowed back into the Union, so therefore they had to accept the fact that they could no longer depend on the use of slaves to advance economic growth in the South. Not only did this amendment not allow slavery but it also made clear that due process must be given to anyone who is subjected to involuntary servitude. No longer could blacks or anyone for that matter be made to work against their will. This policy could be enforced by additional legislation by Congress. This amendment was an obvious victory for those who were slaves before the war. From a Northern white perspective this could serve as victory for all those who opposed slavery before the war. The Fourteenth Amendment: This amendment specifically grants due process to any citizen of the United States. A person who is a citizen, including all those who were once slaves, cannot be deprived of anything unless they are duly convicted. This means that all former slaves have all of the rights