Carbon capture and storage

Carbon catch and capacity Presentation Expanding numbers currently perceive the likely annihilation upon the overall condition environmental change could have. With CO2 discharges expanding at a pace of 1.6%/Yr (1999-2005) and emanations from power creation at 23,684 Mt/yr (2005)1 in addition to no present replacement to the Kyoto Protocol*, obviously Carbon Dioxide will turn into a consistently developing danger to our planets security. Worryingly, from a climatic perspective as well as a cultural one too. From sun based and geothermal capacity to hydrogen energy components, mainstream researchers is attempting to create methods of decreasing CO2 yield and one field of developing enthusiasm from both the examination and business network is Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). Genuine research in this field is moderately new and numerous parts of its suitability, security, proficiency and cost have still to be completely found. As CCS is basically putting away CO2 and not really deteriorating it, many feel CCS is counter-ben eficial and the assets ought to rather be directed to concentrate on clean vitality creation. Anyway with current outflow patterns, CCS will be a very valuable apparatus should we see exceptional changes in atmosphere close to the finish of this century and need an approach to purchase time to completely use and grow clean vitality. This paper will quickly depict a scope of potential CCS strategies as appeared in figure A just as examine the potential for CCS in our general public. The littlest evaluated possible stockpiling for CO2 at 320Gt is worth roughly 32 years of emissions!2 Few question the way that we ought to advance to an all the more naturally benevolent society in all faculties of the word, CCS will purchase the time required for this to occur. In the course of the last 10-20 years a few recommendations have been advanced and grown, for example, the Sleipner oil field, Norway and ‘CarbFix in Iceland. We are presently starting to get live information from current C CS ventures worldwide to break down and use for the upgrade of CCS, this paper intends to incorporate this data from these undertakings for a short investigation of CCS potential. Profound Ocean or the profound seabed Many have guessed on potential CCS destinations. One recommendation is putting away CO2 in the profound sea or seabed as appeared in figure B. As the seas are as of now engrossing ~8 billion tons of CO2and discrediting ~50% of our anthropogenic CO2 emissions3 it is now a characteristic CCS site. CO2 is denser than seawater in its supercritical state (both strong and fluid, see figure C)and so will sink and lake on the seabed remaining there for a great many years as figure B outlines. On the other hand, boats would siphon CO2 into the sea as appeared in figure B where regular thermohaline flows would break up the CO2 whereupon that marginally denser waterway would lake on the seabed. While saltiness, weight and temperature all influence the disintegration of CO2, beneath 600m, 41-48kg/m3 CO2 can break down in a 1M saline solution solution,2 a genuinely huge figure. Increment the brackish water focus and this figure will drop,however, with the normal molarity of the seas at 0.5M obvio usly this store has extraordinary potential. Tragically quick fermentation of the nearby water would happen as carbonic corrosive structures. Consequently this stockpiling technique would most likely be decimating to neighborhood nature. The cost:benefit examination over acidifying patches of sea instead of bringing down environmental CO2 and that is impact upon earthbound natural surroundings and surface sea marine networks could fill a theory and brought about much discussion. This technique has so far observed no field tests despite the fact that its potential stockpiling limit is tremendous and endless. Mineral Carbonation Of comparable natural concern is removal by means of mineral carbonation. CO2 responds with specific rocks to frame carbonate minerals. This procedure is seen normally through enduring where ~1.8108 tons CO2 are mineralised every year yet this geochemical procedure could likewise happen underground. Instead of mine and smash shakes, for example, basalt and peridotite to respond with air CO2 on a superficial level, causing major ecological disturbance because of mass mining activity and an incredible increment in residue flux,4 CO2 would be infused into profound topographical stores of: olivine; pyroxene; and plagioclase.Here the CO2 would gradually respond to frame its carbonates more than a huge number of years where it would then be a close to lasting store. As these receptive minerals are found in sensible wealth in essential stone, potential CCS destinations of this nature are discovered around the world. The Columbia River basalt has been anticipated to have the option to discar d 36-148Gt/CO2 while the Caribbean flood basalts could potential store 1,000-5,500Gt/CO2. Thus, the basalt bowl seaward of Washington D.C. could hold 500-2,500Gt/CO2.10 The vaporous CO2 change to strong carbonate includes an expansion in volume and weight. It is guessed this procedure would cause major cracking inside the basalt rock which might shape a break course for the still supercritical CO2 (see figure D).8 The ‘CarbFix Pilot Project in Iceland is observing the impacts and capability of this style of CCS through concentrated Geophysical checking as ~9.4Mt/CO2 is siphoned into the ground. Coal-bed creases Overall there are many coal fields financially unviable for mining and these are potential CCS destinations as figure A (4) appears. The coal creases contain characteristic micropores because of coal creation process. These micropores as of now contain methane atoms, again as a side-effect of the coal creation. Be that as it may, CO2 particles adsorb to the micropores simpler than the CH4.2 By siphoning CO2 into these creases a volume of CH4 will be yielded corresponding to the volume of CO2 injected,2 while as yet giving a profound underground store to CO2. This has been determined at 20m3/ton coal from a field site in the San Juan Basin. Subsequently there is a rough least stockpiling limit of 150Gt/CO2 worldwide anyway careful volumes of unmineable coal are not accessible. Adsorption includes frail electrostatic powers to hold the CO2 particles to the pore which are exceptionally reliant on a stable environment.2 Should any structural action occur to modify the temperature or weig ht of the capacity site, the CO2 would isolate and tuft. This CO2 tuft would then ease back move to the surface through existing pore channels which figure D shows plainly. This is a concern looked in numerous CCS plans, as any CO2 movement could cause association and disintegration into groundwater consequently dirtying it, power saline groundwater to blend in with freshwater and contaminate the freshwater or on the other hand move to the earth surface and tuft. Additionally, reliant on the CCS site, CO2 could wind up acidifying patches of sea where ‘leaks have happened. CO2 crest on the earth surface have demonstrated deadly before when 1,700 individuals and all fauna inside a 14km range died in the Lake Nyos fiasco when CO2 unexpectedly degassed from the base of the lake to the air. 14 Drained oil and gas stores or saline springs One of the most encouraging and explored recommendations is capacity in drained oil and gas stores or saline springs. Figure A (1,3a,3b) outlines these are both here and there shore and profound geographical zone of rock with high porosity and low porousness. The gas field ‘Sleipner West in the North Sea simply off the Norwegian coast is a real working CCS site where much investigation into CCS is being directed and checked. 1106 tons of CO2/Yr2 are being siphoned into a space of 5.5x1011m32 recently involved by dominatingly methane gas. The CO2 is put away in the pore spaces in rocks indistinguishable from how groundwater is put away in springs. On account of saline springs, while siphoning in CO2, saline water is evacuated just as constrained into encompassing stone. These Porous rocks are usually sedimentary rocks found in bowls ordinarily 600-1200m profound. Weight increments with profundity just as temperature, by about 28Â °C/km2. This implies CO2 would should be put awa y in its supercritical state (figure C) which is more smaller than typical, 1 ton of CO2 possesses 6m3 rock2. Once infused, the CO2 will normally move through the pore spaces attempting to arrive at ground level (figure D). During this procedure the CO2 will become ‘trapped and well in pore courses which don't really prompt the surface. The inescapable relocation makes picking a CCS site troublesome. Any site needs an impermeable stone layer above it or a low penetrability rock where the relocation time will be equivalent to the locales wanted life expectancy to go about as a ‘cap rock. Without a top stone, the CO2 could move back to the surface in decades making the whole activity an epic come up short. Nonetheless, putting away CO2 in these fields isn't just about stashing it underground. The geochemical procedures of disintegration and mineral precipitation would likewise happen adding to the favourability of exhausted repositories as the ideal CCS method. For any sin gle site 3 distinct types of CCS would happen. Disintegration would take two or three thousand years dependant on a superficial level territory to volume proportion of water to CO2 and mineralisation would occur along comparative timetables. Accordingly, four elements will influence the value of any CCS exhausted supply site: immobilization of CO2 in any snares or wells; geochemical responses between the stone and CO2; disintegration into groundwater or saline water occupant in the stone; and relocation back to the surface.2 The advantages of this technique for CCS don't stop here however! The way toward siphoning CO2 into the ground powers out the leftovers of what was beforehand there, useful in the event that it was gas or oil. Shows this as a different procedure however it can without much of a stretch be matched with exhausted petroleum product stores. This can be gathered and sold, giving a slight conservative balance to the expense of the undertaking. This is alluded to as En hanced Oil Recovery (EOR). EOR has been grasped in the Americas and is being used at Pan-Canadians Weyburn field in Saskatchewan, another field examp

2012 National Budget of the Philippines free essay sample

The Social Services area, which gives advantages and offices, for example, instruction, food endowments, medicinal services, and financed lodging, will get P568. 6 billion or 31. 3 percent of the all out spending plan. This incorporate the Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) program of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). Per division, the Department of Education (DepEd) got the greatest cut of the spending plan at P238. 8 billion that would incorporate allotment for the employing of 13,000 new teachers and development and repairing of in excess of 43,000 homerooms. The 2012 financial plan for training is 15. 2 percent higher than last year’s P207. 3 billion. Next is the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), P125. 7 billion; Department of National Defense (DND), P108. 1 billion; Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG), at P99. 8 billion; and the Department of Agriculture (DA), P53. 3-billion. Aquino said P140 billion worth of framework tasks will be actualized in January one year from now, including that ventures under the 2011 will in any case be optimized. We will compose a custom paper test on 2012 National Budget of the Philippines or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page President Aquino expressed gratitude toward individuals from the lawmaking body and government organizations, refering to specifically the Department of Budget and Management (DBM), for working connected at the hip for the early marking of the 2012 national spending plan. He additionally noticed that the Executive branch presented its proposed 2012 national financial plan a day after his State-of-the-Nation Address (SoNA) in July. â€Å"Tinitiyak nating maaring ipagpatuloy ang mga repormang nasimulan na natin. Bawat piso ng pamahalaan ay napapakinabangan,† Aquino said. [We can guarantee you that we would have the option to continue with the changes we have begun. Every peso from the legislature will be utilized adequately. ] Budget Secretary Florencio Abad said six things were vetoed by President Aquino, especially referencing the inconvenience of a roof on open segment obligation which could have constrained the administration to choke spending, especially on basic social administrations and framework. The open part obligation starting at 2010 was at that point at 73. 3 percent of the (GDP) and is past the 60 percent obligation top arrangement included by Congress in the General Appropriations bill.

Who Doesnt Read Books In America Critical Linking, March 29, 2018

Who Doesnt Read Books In America Critical Linking, March 29, 2018 Critical Linking is sponsored by Tomorrow by Damian Dibben, new from Hanover Square Press. About a quarter of American adults (24%) say they haven’t read a book in whole or in part in the past year, whether in print, electronic or audio form. Who are these non-book readers? Several demographic traits correlate with non-book reading, Pew Research Center surveys have found. For instance, adults with a high school degree or less are about five times as likely as college graduates (37% vs. 7%) to report not reading books in any format in the past year. Adults with lower levels of educational attainment are also among the  least likely to own smartphones, even as e-book reading on these devices  has increased substantially since 2011. (College-educated adults are more likely to own these devices and use them to read e-books.). None of the statistics are especially surprising, given the demographics least likely to read are those least likely to have leisure time for it. But also: 76% of adults in America read a book last year.   ____________________ THE GREAT AMERICAN READ is an eight-part television and online series designed to spark a national conversation about reading and the books that have inspired, moved, and shaped us. The series will engage audiences with a list of 100 diverse books. Audiences are encouraged to read the books, vote from the list of 100, and share their personal connections to the titles. THE GREAT AMERICAN READ premieres Tuesday, May 22 at 8/7c on PBS stations with a launch special, kicking off a summer of reading and voting. Then in the fall, seven new episodes of the series will air as the quest to find America’s most beloved book moves into high gear. Episodes from the series will feature appearances by celebrities, athletes, experts, authors, and everyday Americans advocating for their favorite book. Theres a trailer for this upcoming book PBS show.   ____________________ While a great novel can be engaging, theres nothing quite like a true storyâ€"whether that story comes in the form of deep reporting, memoir, or personal essays. Nonfiction gives us the chance to look at the world around us and learn something about how we fit within it. And nonfiction also tells us a lot about ourselves. Here are the best nonfiction books of 2018. Add a bunch of new nonfiction to your TBR.   Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books.

Analysis Of The Movie Assata An Autobiography

â€Å"Assata: An Autobiography† is written by Assata Shakur and takes place in the 1970’s when Shakur was being charged with several assaults, many of which she did not commit. Throughout her autobiography, Shakur begins telling events in which show how big racism is towards African Americans and later on shows how it occurs with other races and cultures as well, like Native Americans, Chicanos, Asians and Hippies. Shakur makes it clear to the readers how strongly she believes America is a place that contains so much racism by speaking Indirectly. She voices her opinion by using her own language. There are many scenarios where Shakur misspells certain words to show her actual feelings. For example, she has the tendency to misspell America and use a lowercase â€Å"i† rather than a capitalized â€Å"I† when she refers to herself. She does this to show us, the readers, that she feels like a minority and that America is a place where white people will always have a privilege and have rights over blacks. A section that sticks out to me from the book is the way Shakur decides to express her feelings about America. Although she doesn’t tell us straight forward, she expresses it through her choice of spelling certain words. For example, in this case she refers to America as amerika, â€Å"But as a black woman living in amerika, Evelyn understood why it was important and necessary† (49). Shakur does this to symbolize the racism that occurred against blacks with the KKK and the lack of capitalization

Objectives Of A Curriculum Plan Essay - 1734 Words

CURRICULAM PLAN The most important objective of a curriculum plan to develop specified skills or knowledge to a targeted group and the plan must be specific and time framed in order to achieve the aim within the defined time frame. This curriculum plan aimed to develop the essential employability skills to the multitude client group which includes the different age, gender and ethnic groups. This curriculum plan targeted to complete within the period of eight weeks with theoretical and practical sessions. In each session the progression of the plan with a close consideration to the skills achieved would be analysed. There will be a clear and defined frame work for each session and the assessment of student’s performance. The assessment methods designed with a clear intention of increased student involvement. Each session required to complete within the defined time frame to ensure the successful completion of the curriculum plan. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES According to Steven and Fallows (2008) it is important for any curriculum plan to have a clear, focused and practical oriented plan to ensure the successful completion as well as the achievement of maximised result. The major objectives of this curriculum plan are, †¢ To make the client group able to identify certain employability skills, values as well as qualities †¢ To make the client group able to describe certain employability skills, values as well as qualities †¢ To make the client group able to recognise theShow MoreRelatedCurriculum Development1575 Words   |  7 PagesCurriculum Development The term curriculum originates from the Latin meaning â€Å"race course†. The term has been expanded and today is more widely used in education to mean a plan for a sustained process of teaching and learning (Pratt, 1997, p. 5). There are numerous formats for curriculum models. 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Advertisements Exploiting Children Free Essays

Are current practises of advertising to children exploitative? What restrictions should be placed on advertising to children? Up until recently, parents had been the intended target audience for advertising efforts aimed for children of young age groups. However it is now the children who have become the main focus. The growth in advertising channels reaching children and the privatisation of children’s media use have resulted in a dramatic increase in advertising directly intended for the eyes and ears of children (Wilcox et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Advertisements Exploiting Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2004). It is estimated that advertisers spend more than $12 billion a year on the youth market with more than 40,000 commercials each year. The current practises of advertising to young children definitely exploit their lack of understanding and comprehension of the aim of advertising and promotion of products. In the early 1970’s, The Federal Communications Commission originally set out to ban all advertising that was aimed at young children, however ended up settling for a more lenient proposal of limiting the amount of time advertisements were aired within children’s programs and put in place certain restrictions to do with advertising practises (Wilcox et al. 2004). Studies have shown that the age range of 8-12 year olds spend $30 billion directly and influence $700 billion on family spending each year. This can be attributed to a relatively high extent to the fact that 46% of 5-14 year olds watch more than 20 hours of television per week with tens of thousands of TV ads shown per year (Neil 2012). Neil (2012) quotes that a child who watches 4 hours of TV per day over a 6 week holiday period would have viewed a total of 649 junk food ads including 404 advertisements for fast foods; 135 advertisements for soft drinks; and 44 for ice cream products. Until quite recently, advertisers viewed children around and under the age group of 8 as off limits when it came to advertising targets. However, industry practises have now developed and make for greater degrees of age niche advertising (Wilcox et al. 2004). Along with this growth in marketing efforts, there has become a rapid increase in the use psychological knowledge and research to effectively market products to young children. An example of this includes a study that was specifically designed to determine which strategy best induced children to nag their parents to buy the advertised product (Wilcox et al. 004). Exploitation refers to the idea of taking advantage of something you shouldn’t take advantage of. In relation to ads, advertisers are taking advantage of children’s lack of understanding, their innocence and their vulnerability to persuasion (Neil 2012). Young children tend to be particularly vulnerable to advertising as they do not fully understand the intent of advertisers and the process of creating an ad (Gunter, Oates Blades 2005). Children are not born with any knowledge of economic systems with their awareness of advertising and marketing developing only gradually later in life. Adults too can be influenced by an ad, which is the reason for ads in general, but they are able to interpret the messages in the context of the advertisers’ intentions to prevent them from being exploited, unlike children (Gunter, Oates Blades 2005). Neil (2012) states that children up to the age of 4 see ads merely as entertainment, progressing to believe advertisements provide information at ages 6-7. At ages 7-8 they still cannot distinguish between information and intent to persuade and once they reach 10-12 years they can understand the motives and aims of advertising but are still unable to explain sales techniques. The Australian Communications and Media Authority (2007) explain that advertisers may create advertisements that appeal to a child’s cognitive abilities. Research was conducted that indicates different age groups respond differently to formal stimuli in commercial, for example colours attract younger children while message text attracts older children. This uses leverage of children’s cognitive development to entice the purchase of the product. Furthermore research on the language of advertisements, while used to promote products, may be purposefully constructed to confuse younger children at lower levels of cognitive development. Simple correlation research in the US indicates that children typically aged 2-6 years who view more television advertising request more products from their parents. This is known as pester power. It has been found that parents are more likely to buy products when kids ask for them in the shop (nag factor). As children age, they develop the cognitive capacity to contextualise and act critically on the observations made, reducing the amount of requests for products (Australian Communications and Media Authority, 2007). Children who are exposed to TV commercials for toys not only develop the initial idea for the toy but repeatedly pester their parents to buy it. This is exploitation on the arents’ behalf as it often causes parent-child conflict when the parents deny their children the product (Wilcox et al. 2004). Another troubling issue relating to child advertising exploitation is in reference to food ads. Half of the advertisements in the UK directed at children concern food. There are little ads emphasising healthy eating and since the start of television advertising, the largest proportion of ads aimed at children has always been unhealthy food products (Gunter, Oate s Blades 2005). The Australian Communications and Media Authority (2007) detailed the New South Wales Department of Health content analysis which found that 43% of all food advertising was for high fat/ high sugar foods and 36% was for core foods (such as breads, pasta). Additionally, approximately 48% of food advertising in times defined by the study as ‘children’s viewing times’ was for high fat/ high sugar foods. Consequently, children become confused and consider unhealthy foods to actually be healthy. Toys aren’t as controversial as they don’t exhibit the same health implications as do fast food ads. However, over-playing how good a toy is, or presenting misleading information is very unethical as children cannot comprehend some messages. The writing on the screen about disclosures are usually too quick to read or even understand as an adult, let alone a young child (Gunter, Oates Blades 2005). Wilcox et al. (2004) demonstrates the exploiting nature of advertisers when it comes to tobacco and alcohol. A variety of studies show a substantial relationship between children’s viewing of these products in ads and positive attitudes toward consumption of such products. The studies conclude that advertising of tobacco and alcohol contributes to youth smoking and drinking. Characters from movies and television programmes often attract children’s attention with research indicating that the use of real life or animated characters is positively associated with memory and attitudes toward products and has the potential to confuse children as they do not realise they are getting paid for the advertisement so it is likely it’s not genuine promotion of a product (Gunter, Oates Blades 2005). Another trick that advertisers use is on the BBC. BBC programs are â€Å"non-commercial† but some of the programs have been specifically designed to include products directed at children to make it harder for children to recognise when they are being targeted by marketers. This shows a negative change in children’s advertising. Body image is another major aspect of young children’s lives as they are vulnerable to their self-image (Gunter, Oates Blades 2005). Advertisements use attractive people to sell products which reinforce the pressures on young people to conform to the ideals of beauty that are hard or near impossible to achieve. Marketing of dieting products therefore appeal to young children in recent times including primary school children. Currently there are regulations in place that have been implemented under the Children’s Television Standards in 1990, enforced by the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal. These include placing limitations on the broadcast of advertisements during ‘Children School Age’ programs (no ad more than twice in 30 minutes) and ‘Preschool Age’ programs (no ads at all). Also, no misleading or deceiving ads, no undue pressure on children to ask their parents to buy something or any unsuitable material including alcohol and cigarette ads, or demeaning/racists/sexist etc. ads(Australian Communications and Media Authority 2007). To further these regulations, many recommendations have been made. Wilcox et al (2004) suggested that while it is impossible to protect this age group from all commercial exposure, it is essential to restrict efforts made by advertisers to focus primarily, if not exclusively, on this uniquely vulnerable portion of society. They also state that advertising disclaimers used in ads be stated in a language that children can read and understand and be shown in both visual and audial contexts in a time length that is conducive to reading, hearing and comprehending. For example, stating â€Å"You have to put it together† instead of â€Å"Partial assembly required† in toy ads. Gunter, Oates and Blades (2005) point out that advertisers usually argue against any extension of regulations, claiming that very young children, even from the age of 3, have some understanding of advertising. If this is so, it is not enough. A child’s recognition of advertisements is not the same as a child’s understanding of their persuasive intent. Some argue that rather than extending regulations, the most effective way to help children understand advertising is through their parents by informing kids of the nature of ads. However as children become more independent with access to their own TVs, parents increasingly have less control over what children watch and less opportunity to discuss advertisements that might have been seen during family viewing. As well as the fact that parents often lack sufficient knowledge of regulators and their regulatory responsibilities. These excuses made by advertisers just show how ignorant they are in the potential harming of young children. In conclusion, advertisers know that their efforts greatly influence child audiences. Targeting children below the ages of 8 years is inherently unfair because it capitalises on younger children’s inability to sense persuasive intent in an advertisement. Due to this, children around and below this age are exploited as they take in information placed in commercials uncritically, accepting most of the claims and appeals put forward as truthful, accurate and unbiased. Reference Australian Communications and Media Authority 2007, Television Advertising to Children, accessed 6/9/2012, http://www. acma. gov. au/webwr/_assets/main/lib310132/television_advertising_to_children. pdf Gunter, B, Oates, C Blades, M 2005, ‘The Issues About Television Advertising To Children’, in Advertising To Children On TV: Content, Impact, Regulation, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, pp1-13. Neil, D 2012, PHIL106 ‘Advertising to Children’, lecture notes, accessed 1/9/2012, eLearning@UOW Wilcox, B, Kunkel, D, Cantor, J, Dowrick, P, Linn, S Palmer, E 2004, ‘Report of the APA Task Force on Advertising and Children’, American Psychological Association Australian Association of National Advertisers, AANA Code for Advertising Marketing Communications to Children, accessed 9/9/2012, http://www. aana. com. au/pages/aana-code-for-advertising-marketing-communications-to-children. html How to cite Advertisements Exploiting Children, Papers

Who Won The War And Peace Essays - Slavery, Reconstruction Era

Who Won The War And Peace Who Won the War and Peace? There is an issue that followed the Civil War that can only really be addressed in retrospect. Who won the Civil War? Not necessarily the war itself, but who won the peace. There is not really a single or definitive answer because the effects and the outcomes of the war are still being determined. This question is nebulous in the fact that certain aspects can be attributed to the South winning some aspects of the war and the North others. Also, do we include the impacts on former slaves as a Northern victory or do consider them to be their own side during this conflict. Many people will say that the North undoubtedly won the war, but the South's social hierarchy did not really change that much after the war. The former slaves went on many times to work for their former owners achieving not much more than when they were slaves. The South implemented many unjust laws to still allow the whites to stay ahead and to keep the blacks poor and dependent. Overall, though, I believe that the N orth and the former slaves won because of the outcome of the Civil War. Although the effects of the war were not immediate for the slaves and abolition did not automatically mean freedom and equality for slaves, the war and the legislation that followed it set the groundwork for the advancement of black people. The thirteenth through the fifteenth amendments helped to pave the way for blacks to enjoy the same opportunities as whites. Obviously the North achieved its objective of reuniting the country and preserving the Union. There are many factors to which one can say that the North actually won the peace. First I will talk about the North achieving peace and the objectives that they wanted when it comes to reuniting the union. It is clear that the United States was reunited because of the Civil War. With the reentry of the Southern states came certain concessions that the each state had to make. The most important was the adoption of new state constitutions that made clear that the national constitution had precedence over any local law. This made the fact clear that there are state's rights, but they cannot negate national policy. To those in the North that were worried about the fate of the Union, the Civil War proved to be a victory. Amendments: The addition of three amendments to the constitution after the Civil War should be considered to a victory for the Northern and African American cause for the Civil War. These newly added documents protect the rights of all the citizens of the United States. Not only do they protect the rights of these people but they also establish who is a citizen and who is protected by the constitution. Most importantly it allows freedom to those who were mot protected before the Civil War, namely the former slaves. The Thirteenth Amendment: This amendment specifically outlaws the institution of slavery and involuntary servitude. This means that the Emancipation Proclamation was formally made law by United States government. The South was made to accept the new reforms to the constitution in order to be allowed back into the Union, so therefore they had to accept the fact that they could no longer depend on the use of slaves to advance economic growth in the South. Not only did this amendment not allow slavery but it also made clear that due process must be given to anyone who is subjected to involuntary servitude. No longer could blacks or anyone for that matter be made to work against their will. This policy could be enforced by additional legislation by Congress. This amendment was an obvious victory for those who were slaves before the war. From a Northern white perspective this could serve as victory for all those who opposed slavery before the war. The Fourteenth Amendment: This amendment specifically grants due process to any citizen of the United States. A person who is a citizen, including all those who were once slaves, cannot be deprived of anything unless they are duly convicted. This means that all former slaves have all of the rights

Fight For Womens Rights in India †History Essay

Fight For Womens Rights in India – History Essay Free Online Research Papers Fight For Women’s Rights India – History Essay The fight for women’s rights would prove to be a long and grueling process, but British presence in India would prove to play a positive role in this process. The fight would be especially difficult because those religious traditions that were part of the culture in the country were very adamant in their beliefs on the role of women in society, but British seemed to be determined to turn India into what they deemed as a civilized nation. The British believed that the â€Å"Indians, like anyone else, could be transformed through the workings of law, free trade, and education.† This statement proves that the British came into India with the idea that they were going to transform this nation into one they could be proud to call a colony. With this in mind it could be argued that the British are actually responsible for starting a women’s rights movement in India. In order to be successful in their fight to give women more rights in India the British utilized several tactics. Now in power of governmental activities in India, and not afraid to flex their power to promote their own ideals, they began to pass important pieces of legislation. One of the most powerful tools a government has is its ability to pass legislation. The British started with proclamation that would prove to be extremely influential, the abolition of sati. The abolition of sati was not so much a victory for women in terms of saving them from the funeral pyre, but it was more of an invitation for women (and men) to involve themselves in a movement against a barbaric religious tradition. This sent a message to women throughout the country telling them that their rights were an interest of the British. In addition to legislation, education was a key component of the fight for women’s rights. A popular quote sums up the role education played in the advancement of womenâ €™s rights very nicely. â€Å"God helps those to help themselves.† Now that women had the tools to educate themselves they could make their opinions known. Education of course was passed onto men as well, and lucky for women western ideas were in favor of women’s rights. Men became more tolerant of their women as western education took root. Not one of these movements was more important then another, every one helped contribute to what would eventually be a successful women’s movement. The stories in Of Women, Outcastes, Peasants and Rebels do a very good job of illustrating the progress being made in its different forms. An example of each of these movements can be found in at least one story throughout this text. In our country [India], once a man is married, he no longer has, or needs to have, any kind of concern about the marriage. His attitude toward his wife becomes like that of a man-eating tiger’s need to have a human, any human. Whatever his condition and age, as soon as he lacks a wife, he has no hesitation, nothing but compulsion, to get another (Rabindranath Thakur Haimanti). This is an excerpt from the short story Haimanti. This quote does a very good job of illustrating the woman’s place in Indian society prior to reforms made in the 19th and 20th century. For women the fight for equality was not an easy task. Mass amounts of men in India who held more traditionalists attitudes felt that woman’s place in society was as it should be. â€Å"Many movements of the later nineteenth century gave a central place to teachings related to women, seen as a particularly potent symbol of the proper moral order (Metcalf Metcalf 144).† A woman’s purpose in life is very clear, they are to marry a man, give birth to his children, and answer to his every whim. Those men that were not in favor of reform in the country used religious propaganda to make certain that these British ideals of women’s rights did not sink in. Unfortunately for those traditionalists the religious ideals they promoted would prove only to slow down the process, n ot stop it. In the Old Woman, written by Manik Bandyopadhyay, a young woman, named Menaka, is being thrown out of what has been her residence for the past year. She married and lived in her husband’s house, with his family. His family was not very fond of her and once her husband passed away she was no longer a welcome member of the household. â€Å"†¦because she had no parents and was married off by her uncle’s family, they could not get back at the shrewd uncle for not giving all of the promised dowry.† Assuming this family is of a lower caste, and not in a financially comfortable condition they have no problem dismissing this woman who had married into their family. In lower castes a woman was put on the street if she was a widow and no longer contributed financially to the family she married into, in some cases she could go back to live with her parents, but many times even her own parents would refuse her simply because they could not afford to feed, cloth and shel ter another person. Families of lower caste felt very little responsibility towards a widow, mostly because she was now seen simply as a financial burden. At the end of this story Menaka encounters an old woman who has a profound effect on her life. The old woman sees Menaka weeping and shares with her, her own story of grief that is very similar to Menaka’s. â€Å"I spent less than one night with my husband. After he died on the wedding night, they all said, ‘Throw out that unlucky wife.’ Did I leave? Could anybody make me leave? I bit the ground that the home stood and hung on.† The lesson of this old woman very much reflects the teachings of another woman that dedicated herself to educating and motivating widows like herself. Pandita Ramabai advocated women’s education and social reform. When she was widowed at the age of twenty-five, Ramabai educated herself in England, returned to India and proceeded to found several home schools dedicated to t he education of widows. Throwing women out on the street to fend for themselves may seem barbaric, but doesn’t compare to what was practiced by smaller groups of upper caste families. A religious tradition known as sati was observed. Sati was regarded as a â€Å"heroic act of romantic self-sacrifice† by those people who practiced it, but was regarded as barbaric by British colonists. This religious ceremony consisted of a widower throwing herself on her husband’s funeral pyre, burning her to death. Sati was a traditional religious ceremony that was not considered out of the ordinary by most. Despite its publicity, sati was not responsible for the deaths of thousands of woman a year, it was not widely observed, but was still responsible for approximately eight hundred deaths per year. It did not face any resistance until 1829 when Lord William Bentinck abolished this religious observance to the dismay of those people who had practiced this religious tradition. The British used the treatm ent of women in Indian as a substantiation of what they believed to be a barbaric and brutal culture that they needed to correct. Of course traditionalists did not take this sitting down. Many families that had practiced sati in the past continued to do so, when they were punished for their crimes they protested. The power of the British was simply too strong, and the abolition of sati was only the beginning of the British effort to give woman a fighting chance in Indian society. Woman, in addition to basically being seen as an expendable asset, they contributed very little to society in India. This was not a matter of choice, but was tradition. A woman in the story Letter from a Wife, by Rabindranath Thakur, is obviously distressed with women’s current position in Indian society. â€Å"It seems ironic to me that human beauty, which the Creator makes in a flitting mood of enjoyment, should be priced like a commodity in a religious society such as yours.† Although women were still discriminated against there was â€Å"a new ideal of female domesticity, across religious lines, also took shape during the decades at the turn of the century. In that ideal women were meant to be educated and ‘respectable’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Metcalf Metcalf 146). This was huge turn of events for woman. Before women were uneducated, therefore few really knew how little rights they had. Now that women were being educated they began to analyze their surrounding s and realize that something was not right. The ‘new’ women soon began to play an active role as advocates of reform. Soon educated women were fighting against this repressive tradition and setting up schools to further the education of women in India. â€Å"The new norms of female behaviour helped draw new lines of social identity (Metcalf Metcalf).† Education was taking root in the society of India, but there was still a great deal of resistance to this women’s movement. After all it had only been a few decades, and for an entire country of people to abandon their religious traditions and ideals because of western teachings is not realistic. â€Å"Your never recognized in these fifteen years the part of me that wrote poetry, perhaps because you did not wish to see in me anything that went beyond my role as your wife and a daughter-in-law of the family (Thakur 98).† Once one reads further into Haimanti it becomes apparent that Thakur supports the reformist attitude. The narrator of the story is a young man in love with a girl only two years his junior, her name is Haimanti. Traditionally men married girls that were much, much younger, it wasn’t strange for a man as old as thirty to marry a girl that was only twelve years old. This young man insists that he is in love with this woman, and lucky for him he is the member of a household that is very tolerant of reformist’s beliefs. â€Å"†¦my grandfather was a staunch rebel against the tradition, with no belief in any of the established customs and rituals. He had eagerly read and absorbed English liberalism. But my father was a staunch follower of the tradition.† With beliefs that were this reformist the narrator’s grandfather was most likely a member of the bhadralok. If he was not a member of the bhadralok he definitely benefited from their movement. The bhadralok prospered under British colonialism, and were very found of the teachings of western education, like English liberalism. The bhadralok movement was very popular amongst those people of upper-castes such as merchants, clerks and government employees. In its beginnings the bhadralok movement was confined to people of the upper-caste, but it slowly made its way to the masses. The bhadralok were very proud of there newly discovered knowledge and wanted to share it with the common people. Soon the education of men, coupled with the education of women offered opportunities for reform in the country. Although woman were being educated and focused on achieving equality they could not have done it alone. Reformist thinkers like the grandfather Haimanti were a big part of the advancement of women’s right. British colonialism had very few positive impacts on society in India, but the result of their presence was not all bad. They were vital in the women’s fight against discrimination in India. The British were advocators of woman’s rights, and were disgusted by the fact that such a cruel and intolerable act could be committed with such social acceptance, in addition to the discrimination they face in every day life. Not only did the British themselves support the women’s movement, but they were also responsible for the Indian people’s exposure to western education and culture. The ideals and morals that western education promoted were beginning to take their toll and helped in the advancement of women’s right significantly. Although the British regarded the Indians as an underdeveloped people they believed they were capable of making changes. As people in India began to embrace more western ideas, and education they began to turn away from religious t raditions that were seen as unsavory in western teachings. The fight for women’s rights would prove to be a long and grueling process, but British presence in India would prove to play a positive role in this process. The fight would be especially difficult because those religious traditions that were part of the culture in the country were very adamant in their beliefs on the role of women in society, but British seemed to be determined to turn India into what they deemed as a civilized nation. The British believed that the â€Å"Indians, like anyone else, could be transformed through the workings of law, free trade, and education.† This statement proves that the British came into India with the idea that they were going to transform this nation into one they could be proud to call a colony. With this in mind it could be argued that the British are actually responsible for starting a women’s rights movement in India. Of course do not make the mistake of believing that the British were responsible for all the progress ma de. Those women who had suffered for centuries and those few progressive men did most of the leg-work. The British merely laid the foundation for th movement, and simply sat back and watched it unfold in front of them. Research Papers on Fight For Women’s Rights in India – History EssayPETSTEL analysis of IndiaQuebec and CanadaThe Fifth Horseman19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesTrailblazing by Eric AndersonBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XBringing Democracy to AfricaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Relationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Leaf Scorch Tree Disease - Prevention and Control

Leaf Scorch Tree Disease - Prevention and Control Leaf scorch is a noninfectious condition caused by an unfavorable environment - there is no virus, no fungus, no bacterium to blame. It can not be helped by chemical control so you will have to discover the underlying causal factor which can be drying winds, drought, root damage and other environmental problems. Still, infectious diseases can attack the tree and make the condition even worse. Major target trees are Japanese maple (plus several other maple species), dogwood, beech, horse chestnut, ash, oak and linden. Symptoms Early leaf scorch symptoms commonly appear as yellowing between veins or along leaf margins. The problem is not often recognized during this early stage and can be confused with anthracnose. The yellowing becomes increasingly severe and tissue dies at leaf margins and between veins. This is the stage at which injury becomes easily noticeable. Dead tissue can often appear without any previous yellowing and restricted entirely to marginal areas and tips. Cause Scorch usually is a warning that some condition has occurred or is occurring that is adversely influencing the tree. It could be that the tree is not adapting to the local climate or has been given unsuitable exposure. Many of the conditions are the result of water not making it into the leaves. These conditions could be hot, drying winds, temperatures above 90 degrees, windy and hot weather following a long wet and cloudy period, drought conditions, low humidity or drying winter winds when soil water is frozen. Control When leaf scorch is noticed, leaf tissue has usually dried past the point of recovery and the leaf will drop. This will not kill the tree. Several steps can be taken to prevent more severe damage. Deep watering will help with moisture uptake. You need to make sure lack of water is the problem as too much water can also become a problem. Spring application of a complete fertilizer may help but do not fertilize after June. If the root system of a tree has been injured, prune the top to balance the reduced root system. Conserve soil moisture by mulching trees and shrubs with rotted leaves, bark, or other material.

The Real-Political World in Movies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Real-Political World in Movies - Essay Example Episode 18, La Palabra, looks at the challenges and pressures that the media mounts on individuals in power, especially when it comes to controversial issues that require someone in a position of leadership to take a stand. The episode focuses on issues of healthcare and whether to give illegal immigrants driving licenses or not. This is reminiscent of real-life politics since healthcare continually plays a critical role in shaping the credibility of a leader, or the overall manifesto that an aspiring leader is presenting to the people. As an illustration, Obama’s Obamacare was viewed as being revolutionary by some, while being loathed by others. In all, his stance on healthcare is one of the major pillars that define his leadership up to now. On the other hand, the issue of illegal immigration is one of the major headaches affecting most European nations. Almost all leaders and individuals in powerful positions have something to say about illegal immigrants. The most vivid is Tramp’s stand on illegal Mexican immigrants, which led to him being in the mainstream media for quite some time. In all, this just highlights how the issue of illegal immigration is a major facet of the political landscape. Consequently, this shows how La Palabra touches on issues that are easily relatable to the real-life political world. Similarly, King Corn looks at the various intrigues affecting the lives of congressmen and other individuals in busy political offices. The episode is full of the intrigues that these individuals go through.

Case study of evaluate an event in the form of a case study

Of evaluate an event in the form of a - Case Study Example This study will evaluate Australia-based sports event. The Australian Open is taken under consideration in this study as the event. This case study will analyze and evaluate the impact of Australian Open on the economy of the country. Moreover, this study will reveal the contribution of this sport event in the growth of sports tourism sector. Government and sports ministry of Australia, several stakeholders including national Tennis agencies, state government, several state tennis academies and institutes are considered as important resources of Australian Sport Tourism Industry. Part 1 There are several classifications of sport tourism in Australia. Australian sport tourism can be segregated into three parts, such as sport events tourism, active sport tourism, and celebrity and nostalgia sport tourism (Hinch and Higham, 2011, p.45). Australian Open can be considered under active sport tourism wherein the individuals or players participate in the sport events to win this prestigious Tennis Title. In Australian Open, greatest global tennis players come to Australia in the month of January. Australian Open is a popular sporting event that blends the enjoyment and fun of tennis with traditional cultural and social activities that celebrate the love of Australians. Australian Open gained huge popularity and acceptability across the globe. People of Australia love tennis and love to watch the Australian Open as all the popular global tennis players take part in this sporting event in order to win this tennis title. Every year the popularity and acceptance of Australian Open is significantly increasing at a constant rate. Economic development is the major consequence of this Australian Open. It is important for government, sports ministry and state or national tennis academies to develop future plan for this specific sporting event. Stakeholder’s role in Sport Tourism Sector Australian sport tourism sector is one of the major economic drivers. Australian Open is one of the popular sporting events in which leading global tennis players used to participate in order to win the prestigious Tennis Title. This Australian Open is one of the most significant tourism catalysts (Smith and Stewart, 2010, pp. 1-13). This sporting event attracts several global tennis lovers and spectators. Moreover, various scenic beauty and tourist spots forced the spectators to visit Australia. The country gets benefited in both ways. Ultimately, the revenue increases. It plays an important part in country’s development. There are several sport event organizations in Australia. Australian government and ministry of Sports developed Federal Sport Policy (McCabe, 2005, pp.85-106). This policy is delivered through a range of significant structure. It includes Anti-Doping Authority of Australian sports, Department of Ageing and Health and Australian Sport Commission. Australian Open is managed by the Tennis Australia. This organization is regulated by the sports ministry of the country. Government and sports ministry of Australia, several stakeholders including national Tennis agencies, state government, several state tennis academies and institutes are continuously trying to

Life And Works Of Robert Mapplethorpe Film Studies Essay

Life And Works Of Robert Mapplethorpe Film Studies Essay The third of six children, Robert Mapplethorpe was born into a working-class Catholic family in Floral Park, Long Island on November 4th 1946. His childhood and adolescence were difficult because of his gawky physicality, his brothers athletic and academic success and his own early demonstration of artistic talent. After an accelerated career in high school, Mapplethorpe entered the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn to study technical illustration and where he became a member of the ROTC (Reserve Officers Training Corps) in a bid to placate his father who disapproved of his artistic ambitions. Because of his experimentation with hippy culture and his fathers hostility, he never completed his degree at Pratt; instead he moved to Manhattan just before the summer of 1969. Mapplethorpes early artistic endeavours focused on collage work with found objects and jewellery design. In 1970 a fellow resident of the Chelsea Hotel introduced him to photography with the gift of a Polaroid camera and Mapplethorpe started by experimenting with self-portraits. Mapplethorpe had his first one-man show in November 1970, but did not achieve recognition in the New York art world until 1977. On February 4th 1977, Mapplethorpe had joint shows at the Holly Solomon Gallery and the Kitchen. Although both shows were organised by Solomon, the mainstream exhibition featured his flowers and portraits while the avant-garde exhibit consisted of his sex pictures. This segregation of subject matter would continue throughout Mapplethorpes career. Just over a decade later, Mapplethorpe was the subject of retrospectives in Amsterdam, London and the United States. In July of 1988 the Whitney Museum of American Art honoured Mapplethorpe with a retrospective exhibition, their first for a photographer. In December 1988, a slightly larger retrospective, The Perfect Moment, opened at the Institute of Contemporary Art in Philadelphia. Mapplethorpe was able to experience his rise to the pinnacle of the art world, but, as he commented to numerous interviewers, he was unable to take advantage of the fame. He died from complications related to Aids on March 9th 1989. Memorial services were held at the Catholic Church Mapplethorpe had attended as a child in Floral Park and at the Whitney Museum in New York. Populated mainly with members of New York Citys social and artistic elite, Robert Mapplethorpes book of portraits, Certain People, has a title with more than one possible meaning as noted in Susan Sontags essay. There is certain in the sense of some and not others; and certain in the sense of self-confident, sure, clear. Certain People are, mostly, people found, coaxed or arranged into a certainty about themselves. That is what seduces, that is what is disclosed in these bulletins of a great photographers observations and encounters. Although they are not famous in the same way as Annie Liebovitz, Philip Glass or Bruce Chatwin people who appear in Certain People Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter are exceptional in their own right. In their stance and with their defiant gaze, they have the same self-assurance as the celebrities that Mapplethorpe photographed. His camera treats them with the same dignity as that reserved for Lord Snowdon or Louise Bourgeois. Their portrait exemplifies many of the formal and thematic concerns that inform Mapplethorpes larger body of work. Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter (1979) (fig. 1) is a portrait staged according to the conventions of the royal couple portrait of Enlightenment Europe or the formal family portrait of the Victorian Age. Ridley and Heeter are centred in the frame and positioned frontally with respect to the viewer. Ridley is seated with Heeter standing at his side. The setting for the portrait is clearly domestic, presumably the living room of the couple. The heavy buttoned wing-backed leather chair in which Ridley is seated, the Oriental carpet beneath his feet, the modern lines of the console table to his right as well as the objets dart on the various surfaces indicate a degree of taste and wealth. The just-so arrangement of the furniture clearly signifies a gay male aesthetic of a particular kind. The parallel costuming of Ridley and Heeter indicate a gay male aesthetic of a very different but equally stylised kind. Heeter stands to Ridleys left casually holding two metal rings from which hangs a chain connected to the studded leather collar around Ridleys neck. In his left hand, Heeter holds a riding crop, angled toward Ridley, resting inside the arm of the chair, in ominous proximity to Ridleys body; much as a rider would hold it against the flank of his mount. Heeter is adorned in full leather drag: cap, jacket, studded belt, cod-piece trousers and biker boots. To emphasise the confidence with which he carries his power, he leans against Ridleys chair and crosses his right foot over his left in a relaxed, semi-swaggering stance. Ridleys leather uniform is virtually identical to Heeters biker boots, leather chaps, biker jacket. The differences between Ridleys and Heeters costumes indicate their respective positions in the relationship: instead of a cap, Ridley wears a collar, instead of a riding crop, he sports chains; these differences, along with the pairs physical positions gesture toward the power differential that the couple perform. From this description of the photograph, Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter could be characterised as a family portrait of a sadomasochistic couple. Although hardly as shocking as many of Mapplethorpes other sadomasochistic-themed photographs, the image is still unsettling. First, the portrait disturbs the classificatory terms it invokes. Is it possible for family, sadomasochism or portrait to mean the same thing independently and jumbled up together? If the picture grants Heeter and Ridley a certain kind of elegance, beauty and dignity, is this evidence that notions of family, domesticity and coupling are sufficiently elastic to incorporate sadomasochistic eroticism? If Ridley and Heeter are able to pose their unconventionally adorned bodies according to the codes of the conventional family portrait, is this evidence that family, domesticity and coupling have always already incorporated sadomasochistic eroticism? Second, aside from complicating dominant narratives of familial relationship s, this portrait exposes something about the relationship between the practices of photography and self-presentation. What does the staging of Ridley and Heeter in full leather drag show about the ideological work of portraiture writ large? What does this photograph expose about the relationship between power, eroticism, theatricality and image making? Given that both sets of questions relate to the tension between the pictures subject matter and its representational codes, is it fair to conclude that the relationship between content the sadomasochistic couple and form the family portrait makes Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter such an arresting photograph? More precisely, is it the photographs combination of form and content which helps us to see the never-before-related phenomena sadomasochistic couple and formal portrait in a different way, that makes this photograph worthy of critical analysis? In the following chapters I will focus on the relationship between form and content in Mapplethorpes images, with attention to his sex pictures. The interaction of form and content in these images, I contend, trains the viewer to see in a new way: not only to see the specific subject matter differently, but to see the practice of image making in art or in life differently. The beauty of Mapplethorpes images renders culturally unpalatable subject matter attractive and desirable. The stylised composition of Mapplethorpes images also reflects in the forms of self-stylisation within the images, using photographic style to expose personal styling as an equivalent staging, construction and performance. Form and content, then, function sometimes co-operatively, sometimes in opposition to make the spectator aware of the assumptions they bring to the photograph. The analysis of Mapplethorpes images will attend not only to how he represents masculinity and the performance of gay male ident ity but also to how his images draw attention to the dynamics of representation itself. Most commentators identify the curious disjunctionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ between the visual appeal of his photographs as pictures and the discomforting nature of his subject matter as the quintessential element of Mapplethorpes pictorial style. Arthur Danto, one of Mapplethorpes staunchest defenders characterises the artists work as both Dionysian and Apollonian at once. According to Danto, the sexual energy of the images content has a dialectic relationship to their chastely classic style of presentation; this tension is so profound, Danto finds Hegels notion of aufhebung a useful concept with which to addressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Mapplethorpes images. The forbidden and unsettling content of Mapplethorpes images is not erased by their pristine and mannered formalisation, and even the most sexually explicit of Mapplethorpes images both go beyond and fail as pornography, precisely because of their crisp beauty and clean elegance. The content is preserved. But it is also negated, and it is transcen ded, and that means the work cannot merely be reduced to its content. Ingrid Sischy, one of the most eloquent writers on Mapplethorpes sexual imagery, identifies this tension between form and content as the source of shock in Mapplethorpes photographs: What shocks isnt just the material, but how it is so artfully presented. The content, lighting, composition, sense of order and aesthetics all combine to give the photograph an unforgettable impact. The photographs impact depends on the audacious choice to present the forbidden, the transgressive, the underground, the violent, and the repressed in a beautiful manner. As Sischy goes on to observe, Mapplethorpes eye for beauty enables the pictures to challenge, among other things, prevailing notions about sadomasochism and homoeroticism. Germano Celants essay in the catalogue from a Guggenheim exhibition compares Mapplethorpes photographs with Mannerist paintings. He argues that Mapplethorpes style works to both defuse and legitimise th e content of his images by linking them to aesthetic codes of the past. Extending Dantos observation about the importance of the tension between form and content for understanding Mapplethorpes work aesthetically, Sischy and Celant argue that this tension is the key to evaluating Mapplethorpes images politically. Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter illustrates how the relationship between form and content functions across Mapplethorpes body of work. As already noted the tension between the mundanity of the portraits setting and style and the atypicality of the subjects costume and identity generates the images energy and arrests the viewers attention. As Danto observes: They look as though this were the most natural thing in the world for them to be doing in their middle-class living roomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. [But] what is a sexual slave doing sitting that way in a comfortable armchair? Form and content also generate tension with respect to time. To what historical moment does this photograph r ightfully belong? As several commentators have noted, Mapplethorpes sex photographs are important, if for no other reason, because they document a certain gay male subculture whose adherents failed to survive the ravages of Aids. This subject matter, closely tied to the sexual exploration of the 70s, was captured, however, using a visual aesthetic associated with late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century photography, if not older notions of symmetry, order and perfection. As Joan Didion observed in her introductory essay to Mapplethorpes collection of female portraits, Some Women: Robert Mapplethorpes work has often been seen as an aesthetic sport, so entirely outside any historical or social context, and so new, as to resist interpretation. This newness has in fact become so fixed an idea about Mapplethorpe that we tend to overlook the source of his strength, which derived, from the beginning, less from the shock of the new than from the shock of the oldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. There was, above all, the perilous imposition of order on chaos, of classical form on unthinkable images. Didions comments clarify that Mapplethorpes images are neither without historical context nor fixed within a single historical context. Instead, subject and style belong to different, and seemingly disparate, historical moments and social milieu. The form of Mapplethorpes photographs, however, renders the content of his images thinkable, palatable, legitimate. Mapplethorpes combination of form and content, then, is anything but dilettantism. Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter also plays with the distinction between public and private spaces. The space of the picture is a living room, a domestic space, a space hidden from the worlds prying eyes and attendant judgements. The sexual identity evoked by the subjects costumes also signifies private space; they are culturally understood as taboo, necessitating secrecy. The space of the portrait, both generally as a visual form and specifically as an artefact in a book or gallery, is, however, public. The staged presentation of these subjects underlines that they are opening their private space[s] to public scrutiny. This picture is not a snapshot; it is not a candid photo; it is not an image captured on the sly as in the work of Garry Winogrand. It is, instead, a formal portrait that required preparation and planning. As Danto points out, when emphasising the relationship of trust that Mapplethorpe must have developed with his photographic subjects, indicated by the settings, the sta ging, the careful execution and the use of names, in the photographs titles, it is clear that Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter, like Mapplethorpes other subjects, have consented to having this image made. They have admitted Mapplethorpe (and, consequently, the viewer) into their lives, such that the photographer [and, consequently, the viewer] shares a moral space with them. Heeter and Ridleys consensual act of opening their home works to situate the spectator non-consensually in a common, private space. This exposure of the taboo to public scrutiny compels the viewer to accept this intrusion into the public sphere; by voluntarily opening the walls of their private space, Ridley and Heeter have challenged the boundaries of what is acceptable in the public space. The form of the photograph as a posed portrait, then, sharpens the political challenge of its content. The troubling of the boundary between public and private establishes a complicated relationship between the image and temporality. As a portrait, Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter is the memorialisation of a single instant in the life of this couple. At the same time, given the disconnection between their regalia and their setting, the portrait necessarily invokes a before and an after. Insofar as Heeters and Ridleys costumes signify a particular set of sexual practices, they are not practices that likely take place (primarily) in the space in which they are photographed. Their costumes suggest the space of the playroom, the dungeon, the sex club places significantly different from the one they occupy. The portrait evokes a place and time outside the environs of the setting for the erotic activity it suggests. Because the sexual activity suggested by this photograph is understood as taboo, as requiring a private space, even though it is being exposed to a public viewing, the portrait als o intimates that these costumes and these roles are not the totality of the lives of these portrait subjects. Just as the picture suggests other times and places for sexual activity, the specificity of the intimated sexual activity, by negative implication, suggests non-sexual times and places in these subjects lives that require different styles of self-presentation. The temporal and spatial limitations on this particular self-stylisation are underlined by the incongruity of costume and setting. The form/content distinctions of this image, then, invest it with a temporal dimension. The photograph suggests a relationship of dominance and submission; the power dynamics at play in the image, however, are neither simple nor singular. On the most basic level, there is the power of the gaze, a power generated by the image that situates both the spectator and the pictorial subject. This gaze arguably belongs to Mapplethorpe and the spectator and is exercised against Heeter and Ridley. Even if Heeter and Ridley have been costumed, posed, lit and framed by Mapplethorpe, to claim that they have been objectified by his gaze fails to account for the complexity of the image. Ridley and Heeter both look at the camera with hard and fixed stares; they are not giving over their bodies, their lives or their subjectivities to the spectator. Ridley and Heeter each adopt a physical pose that underpins the defiance of their respective looks; Heeters nonchalant stance and Ridleys open-legged seating position situate them in the full solidity of their corporeal frames. When looking at Heeter and Ridley, the spectator is just as likely to feel intimidated, challenged and threatened as in control of the image. In this way, the power Ridley and Heeter retain vis-à  -vis the gaze relates to and underscores their consent to the image-making process. At the same time, their tight leather outfits draw attention to the precise contours of their bodies. The silver studs on Heeters codpiece and the positioning of Ridleys legs and hands also draw visual attention to their respective genital regions. In this way the portrait trades in traditional mechanisms of eroticising and objectifying its subjects. Because they have been trapped in the image, and because this photograph will now circulate freely outside of their control, however, their resistance to the power of the scopic regime is limited and partial. The photograph, then, transforms Heeter and Ridley into objects for contemplation. The spectators visual inspection of them, however, is disrupted by their respective l ooks, their physical poses and the iconography of sadomasochism within the photograph. The gaze that structures this image is neither straightforward nor unidirectional. The power dynamic between the portraits subjects is also complex. Heeters superior vertical position along with his grasp of the riding crop and Ridleys chains are evidence of his dominance. At the same time Ridley is foregrounded in the pictorial space and his face is both more clearly visible and more brightly lit, making him the focus of visual attention. Ridleys name is also given priority in the portraits title. While this priority is consistent with Western left-to-right titling practice, it runs against the perceived practice of many sadomasochistic practitioners who often deny the submissive partner the referential use of a name, personal pronouns or even capital letters. As Richard Meyer observed when arguing that the formal properties of Mapplethorpes photographs often work to undo the power dynamics of his images content: The contradictions of this portrait defeat any essentialist interpretation of Ridley and Heeter in (or as) their sadomasochistic roles. Building on a clo se reading of the Meyer article, I would add that it is the compositional elements of the picture that serve to disrupt the meaning of its specific iconography. In other words, with respect to how the picture trades in the erotics of dominance and submission, the form of the image undercuts its manifest content. The incongruity of costume and setting also works to complicate the readings of power in the image. In an essay largely critical of Mapplethorpes images, C. S. Manegold writes that the dreamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ promised by this portrait is one of pain, of submission, of servitude, a willing walk toward death. She goes on to claim that Mapplethorpes sadomasochistic photographs are funded by a fascistic aesthetic. While I agree that this image trades in the iconography of domination and submission, I would dispute that the leather gear is Nazi-esque, it is merely hyper-masculine and owes much more to the motorcycle cop or the cowboy than any sort of Nazi influence, there are certainly no badges or insignia to indicate such a position and is merely Manegold herself showing what her personal/political history brings to the table in terms of domination. Any characterisation of the image as representing only a single form of erotic or gendered self-presentation founders on the details of the ph otograph itself. Looking only at Heeters riding crop and studded cod-piece or only at Ridleys handcuffs and locked collar, Manegolds characterisation of the image as one infused with pain and death and fascinated with a fascistic masculinity may seem self-justified. What happens, however, when the spectator notices the antique brass clock, the carefully arranged books or the delicate figurines that are also part of the picture? Are these details irrelevant? Do they also signify death and embody fascism? Or do they expose the sadomasochistic self-presentation of Ridley and Heeter as convincing, chilling, arousing, and disturbing as it might be as, at root, a performance, a ritual, an enactment? Although it is implicit in what I said about the image and temporality previously, it bears emphasising that insofar as the portrait highlights the performative nature of (sadomasochistic or masculine) identity, this also relates to the temporality of the image. Because a performance require s a repeated bodily gesture, it also requires temporal duration. In other words, does the incongruity between the general setting and the specific costuming show that each signifies an alternative way to fashion a life? A less incongruous picture could have been crafted by stripping the room bare of furniture, positioning Ridley on his knees and painting the walls black. Equally less incongruous a picture could also have been crafted by stripping Ridley of his chains, positioning Heeter on the arm of the chair and dressing the pair in flannels and blazers. The posing of this master-slave duo in a well-appointed, to the point of chi-chi, living room, however, shows that the respective systems of decoration are fully parallel, even though they might imply different relationships to hegemonic masculinity. What Mapplethorpe has done is signify hyper-masculinity and then gone on to problematise it. By focusing the spectators attention on the stylisation of their clothing and props through its sharp focus and bright lighting, the style of the portrait underlines that Ridley and Heeters gear is drag, a costume, a mode of self-presentation, a performance. In addition, by staging Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter in a setting where their self-presentation as devotees of sadomasochistic eroticism would stand out in exaggerated bas-relief, the portrait calls attention to the artifice, the staginess of their chosen identity. The inherent theatricality of the picture is further emphasised by the dynamics of sadomasochistic erotic play itself. Given its emphasis on roles, costumes, props, scenes, the adornment of the body and implements of sexual arousal, sadomasochism despite the reality of the pain/pleasure experienced by its participants is a complex set of ritualised gestures. With these features in mind, it becomes easier to see how form and content are not merely in productive tensio n, but are virtually undone almost reversed by the portrait. Previously I identified the sadomasochistic couple as the content of the portrait, but the emphasis on performance, artifice and theatricality demonstrates that the term sadomasochistic couple is as much a formal trope enabling a reading of a situation as it is a pre-interpretive category with content. The viewer identifies Lyle Heeter and Brian Ridley as practitioners of sadomasochism not because their portrait contains sexual content, but because it trades in the signifying codes of the leather uniform. Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter provides no evidence that its subjects participate in sadomasochistic acts; it reveals only that they understand how to participate in sadomasochistic signification. If this portrait were placed next to one of a gay male couple in jeans and t-shirts posed in their living room and another couple in biker gear in a fetish bar, the mobility of sadomasochistic couple as an interpretive grid would be much clearer. By the same token, the classical and mannered stylisation of the image is not merely the formal code by which this portrait has been organised; it is the very subject matter of the photograph. On the one hand, Heeter and Ridley, as a sadomasochistic couple, are irrelevant i.e. negated and transcended. They are little more than one possible signifier that enables a set of meanings and associations to attach to an image. Other visual and cultural incongruities could have been used to achieve the same kind of shock and disorientation. On the other hand, Ridley and Heeters identity as a sadomasochistic couple is absolutely essential to the image, not because it is at odds with the domestic setting of the portrait, but because sadomasochism as a highly theatrical, self-aware, ritualised mode of erotic behaviour fraught with its own contradictions and tensions provides the most useful set of signifying codes for exploring the formal concerns about self-stylisation with which the portrait engages. The theatricality of sadomasochis m, captured in a highly stylised portrait exposes the performance of masculinity that Heeter and Ridley and countless others are attempting. In this way that portraits iconography both participates in and potentially disrupts certain fantastic constructions of the masculine self. Sadomasochism, then, is a useful point of entry into Mapplethorpes larger body of work not only because it is the subject matter of a large number of his photographs or it is the subject matter that catapulted him to fame, but because sadomasochism as a practice is so directly parallel to the notions of theatrical self-presentation with which Mapplethorpes images deal. As noted previously, it is not only the thematic of the photographs that are important, but also how they train the viewer to see.

Distance education Essay

Distance education dates back to at least as early as 1728 when an advertisement in the Boston Gazette promoted â€Å"Caleb Phillips, Teacher of the new method of Short Hand,† who sought students who wanted to learn through weekly mailed lessons. Similarly, Isaac Pitman taught shorthand in Great Britain via correspondence in the 1840s. Distance education has a long history, but its popularity and use has grown exponentially as more advanced technology has become available. By 2008, online learning programs were available in the United States in 44 states at the K-12 level. Definition Education where teachers and students are separated in both place and time. They communicate at times of their own choosing by exchanging printed or electronic media, or through technology that allows them to communicate in real time or through other online ways. Advantages Distance Education does not require commuting, saving money otherwise spent on travel back and forth to school. Convenience and flexibility. You complete classes at your convenience. Accessibility. Live and study from anywhere while pursuing education of your choice. Online classes address accessibility issues that some people with limited mobility encounter. Self-paced learning. Individualized Instruction. Vast resources readily available through the internet which are relatively inexpensive. Potential. The opportunities for distance education have exploded with the increased use of the internet. Many degrees are available through distance learning including high school, college and post graduate programs. Cost. Distance education is considerably cheaper than attending a traditional college. Key players in Distance Education Students Faculty Facilitators Support staff Administrators Interaction and Technology in Distance Education Interaction is an important component of any learning experience. One of the most important factors relating to distance learning is the element of interaction as its much different of an environment in a traditional classroom than what occurs in distance learning. Learner Content LearnerInstructor LearnerLearner LearnerTechnology Synchronous vs Asynchronous Interaction In distance Education most interaction done Asynchronously; interaction between them is delayed. One good example is a teacher may deliver the video instruction via email and the learner may respond in a later time. Synchronous interaction like in traditional classes where learners and instructors interact real time: you talk I immediately respond. This could be achieved in distance learning as when computer conferences are held at pre-established times via chat technologies. Distance Education Technologies The various technologies used in distance learning can be roughly divided into four categories, However many of these technologies could overlap into more than one category. Print Technology The original form of Distance Education was correspondence courses, in which print material was mailed to students and returned to the teachers through the postal system. The University of London was the first university to offer distance learning degrees through correspondence, establishing its External Programme in 1858. This program is now known as the University of London International Programmes and includes Postgraduate, Undergraduate and Diploma degrees created by colleges such as the London School of Economics, Royal Holloway and Goldsmiths. In the United States William Rainey Harper, first president of the University of Chicago developed the concept of extended education, whereby the research university had satellite colleges of education in the wider community. In 1892 he also encouraged the concept of correspondence school courses to further promote education, an idea that was put into practice by Columbia University Computer Technology Computer based technology includes email, online collaborations and web-based education as a means of delivering distance learning. The widespread use of computers and the internet have made distance learning easier and faster, and today virtual schools and virtual universities deliver full curricula online. In 1996 Jones International University was launched and claims to be the first fully online university accredited by a regional accrediting association in the US. Video Technology Video techniques often used for distance learning include videotapes, satellites, television cables, and computers offer opportunities for behavior modeling, demonstrations and instruction of abstract concept. Audio technology Offer cost effective ways to enhance distance learning courses. It can be as simple as a telephone with voicemail or it can be as complex as an audio conference with microphones and speakers. The very rapid spread of radio in the United States in the 1930s led to proposals to use it for distance education. By 1938, at least 200 city school systems, 25 state boards of education, and many colleges and universities broadcast educational programs for the public schools. One line of thought was to use radio as a master teacher. † Experts in given fields broadcast lessons for pupils within the many schoolrooms of the public school system, asking questions, suggesting readings, making assignments, and conducting tests. This mechanizes education and leaves the local teacher only the tasks of preparing for the broadcast and keeping order in the classroom. † Research and Distance Education The University of the Philippines Open University (U. P. O. U.) is a public distance learning institution and research university that provides quality higher and continuing education to Filipinos through the distance education system. Melinda dela Pena-Bandalaria (2007) in her article on Impact of ICT’s on open and distance learning in a Developing Country setting: The Philippine Experience, pointed out the distance education in the Philippines has undergone four general stages or generations. It also includes how quality of education is ensured in a technology-driven system of teaching and learning.

The Jungle Questions for Study and Discussion

The Jungle is one of the greatest (and most controversial) works by   Upton Sinclair.. Dedicated to the Workingmen of America, the novel detailed the unhealthy conditions of the meatpacking industry and eventually led President Theodore Roosevelt to pursue  new federal legislations.   Here are a few questions for study and discussion to think about before and after reading this work. What is important about the title: The Jungle?What are the conflicts in The Jungle? What types of conflict (physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional) did you notice in this novel?How does Upton Sinclair reveal character in The Jungle?What are some themes in the novel? How do they relate to the plot and characters?What are some symbols in The Jungle? How do they relate to the plot and characters?Is Jurgis Rudkus consistent in her actions? Is he a fully developed character? How? Why?Do you find the characters likable? Are the characters persons you would want to meet?Does the novel end the way you expected? How? Why?What is the central/primary purpose of the novel? Is the purpose important or meaningful?Why is the novel usually considered a work of protest literature?How essential is the setting to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else?What is the role of women in the text? How are mothers represented? What about single/independent women?Would you recommend this novel  to a friend?

The Yellow Wallpaper a Feminist Reading - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 771 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Feminist Essay The Yellow Wallpaper Essay Did you like this example? Looking back at womens role in society, women in the late 1800s and early 1900s were usually portrayed as inferior and submissive to their husbands. These women were looked at to be objects rather than human beings. A woman was expected to cater to all their husbands needs, such as cleaning and staying home all day with the children. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Yellow Wallpaper a Feminist Reading" essay for you Create order Comparing that to womens role today is completely different. Women in this society have a voice and an opinion, something women longed for in the 1800s. The Yellow Wallpaper written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, is a short story about a woman who is psychologically ill and demonstrates how her husbands treatment toward her drove the narrator to her insanity. Within the late 1800s and early 1900s in America, women struggled to gain equality and were trying to persuade American society that women were more than just housewives and were capable of much more. In this society, men were superior in every way to women, even in terms of morality. This time was full of, strict patriarchal hierarchy, men controlled not only wealth and political power, but also how their children were raised, religious questions, and all matters of right and wrong (Warder). This all led to a major event in this time period called the woman suffrage movement. This movement began in 1848, when a womens rights convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York. This meeting was not the first in support of womens rights, but suffragists later viewed it as the meeting that launched the suffrage movement. For the next 50 years, woman suffrage supporters worked to educate the public about the validity of woman suffrage. Under the leadership of Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and other womens rights pioneers, suffragists circulated petitions and lobbied Congress to pass a constitutional amendment to enfranchise women. (Cooney). At the turn of the century, women reformers in the womens suffrage movement and in the settlement house movement wanted to pass reform legislation. However, many politicians would not listen. Women came to realize that in order to achieve reform, they needed to win the right to vote. For these reasons, the woman suffrage movement became a huge movement. In the short story, The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the readers are introduced to the main character, whose name is never revealed. What we do know though is that she loves to write, and she was also diagnosed with a depression condition. John, who is the narrators husband, consistently refers to her depression as slight hysterical tendencies (266). John undermines his wifes illness and just portrays her to sound as if she is crazy so he will not have a bad image or make it seem as if he is in the wrong. This eventually angers the narrator, who knows she is not crazy, and she also shares with the readers that she gets defensive when people talk poorly of her emotional state of being. This causes animosity toward John, which soon turns into her insanity. To the narrator, Johns sister, Jennie represents the perfect Victorian housewife. John has a high demand at work seeing different patients, which makes it difficult for him because he does not trust his wife to take care of herself. Jennie is a great housekeeper though and does anything and everything that is expected out of the Victorian society. She is an example of how an ideal woman in that period was supposed to act, which annoys the narrator. This was the type of life the narrator was supposed to have, but instead she is living with her husband not being able to truly be herself because he is completely oblivious to how she feels, and he would never be able to understand how she truly feels. In The Yellow Wallpaper John, from the start, uses sexual oppression towards his ill wife to keep her immobilized. The concept of females being nothing more than objects has demonstrated that these male and female gender roles that have been accepted as the time periods social norms. There was no equality in Johns and the narrators relationship at all. As time passes, Johns wifes insanity spirals downwards into self-reflecting hallucinations of her true self and how she longs to be free from her husband and from her depression. The narrator ultimately ends up tearing off the wallpaper which represents her freedom from her marriage and from just a male dominated society. This short story demonstrates perfectly how women in this time period were treated and how the male dominance affected women negatively, which ultimately leads into todays society, where women finally have a voice.